Divorce in Brasov

 By the decision of the court of first instance, the Brasov Court, the court found that it was notified both with a main divorce application and with a counterclaim regarding the divorce.

The court of first instance, the Brasov Court, admitted in part the civil action filed by the plaintiff and admitted in part the counterclaim filed by the counterclaimant in contradiction with the counterclaimant and, consequently, dissolved the marriage of the parties through the sole fault of the defendant; ordered the defendant to return to the name he had before the marriage.

At the same time, the court of first instance established the minor's residence at the mother's domicile and the exercise of parental authority exclusively by the mother over the minor. At the same time, it obliged the counterclaimant to pay to the counterclaimant, as a maintenance pension in favor of the minor an amount representing 1/4 of his net monthly income, representing the father's contribution to the expenses for raising, educating, teaching and vocational training of the minor. on the date of filing the request for summons and until the minor reaches the age of majority or new court orders. In addition, the court of first instance allowed the applicant to have personal relations with the minor of the minor, according to the following schedule: - during the summer holidays - 2 weeks in August, with the minor taking the minor from the mother's home and bringing the minor back to the applicant.

The defendant appealed against this decision, regarding the solution of the court of first instance to force her to return to the name prior to the marriage.

In order to pronounce this decision, the Brasov District Court took into account that no agreement was reached between the parties in the sense that the plaintiff should keep the name acquired through marriage, and the plaintiff did not prove good reasons to keep the name acquired through marriage.

The appellant-defendant showed that this decision is illegal and unfounded because, according to art. 383 para. 2 Civil Code, for good reasons, justified by the interest of one of the spouses or the best interests of the child, the court may allow the spouses to keep the name worn during the marriage, even in the absence of an agreement between them.

The appellant pointed out that the marriage between the parties lasted 25 years, during which time she was known in society under the name acquired by concluding the marriage; at the same time, exclusively the appellant is the one who exercises parental authority over the minor, and the child's home was established at his / her home.

In the reasoning of the appeal, it was shown that the judicial practice considered that the applicant's desire not to subject minors to unnecessary trauma by the need to provide embarrassing explanations, both at school, falls within the scope of duly justified reasons for keeping the name as well as in the circle of friends regarding the name different from that of the parent to whom they were entrusted. In the literature it has been accepted that not only a material interest can substantiate such a request, but on the contrary, a moral one; In this sense, the judicial practice recognized as a well-founded reason for keeping the name of the marriage the desire of the parent to keep the name that his minor children bear. Moreover, a common name can be regarded as a mark of belonging to the same family, so that it can be considered that the preservation of the name is thus justified by a moral interest, in the situation presented by the plaintiff in the appeal. Also in this sense, the Constitutional Court ruled by Decision no. 96/2013 by which he showed that the name differences between parents and minor children represent an embarrassing situation likely to negatively influence moral and social development, representing good reasons to justify the consent of the spouses to bear the name acquired during the marriage and after its dissolution .

The Court for Minors and Family Brasov, by Civil Decision no. 48 / A / 2020, admitted the declared appeal and allowed the appellant to keep the name acquired through marriage.

In order to decide in this respect, the court showed that the court of first instance merely found that no agreement had been reached between the parties and that the counterclaimant had not proved the existence of solid reasons to keep the name acquired by marriage, without analyzing its supports and from the perspective of the child's best interest, which prevails in the adoption of decisions regarding family life.

The appellate court held that the effects of divorce are, most of the time, felt mainly by children, who lose not only the unity of the family, but also the connection, at least formal, between its members, expressed by the common name.

Fictitious reorganization of the workplace - reason for canceling the decision to dismiss the employee

The dismissal for reasons not related to the employee's person represents the termination of the individual employment contract determined by the termination of the job occupied by the employee, for one or more reasons unrelated to his person. The termination of employment must be effective and have a real and serious cause.

Lack of the condition of effective termination of employment

The employer must prove the effective termination of the job, so that, at the level of the employer in the newly established structures, there are no positions of the nature of the one occupied by the dismissed employee.

The employer's organization chart must specify concretely which are the newly established positions, in order to be able to allow the court to carry out a verification of the effectiveness of the abolition of the occupied position.

Failure to submit the detailed organizational chart of the jobs or other documents proving the decisions taken at the level of the employer's management, regarding the nature of the reduced positions, may form the conviction of the court in the sense of illegality of the dismissal measure.

For example, the court found the illegality of the employee's dismissal: the applicant's position as an order engineer within the marketing service was not removed from the company's organizational chart. In reality, while the applicant's dismissal, due to the abolition of the post, was being finalized, the company employed two other persons, in identical positions, within the same marketing service. Moreover, the employment of the two employees was already in the employer's plan, from the moment of drawing up the note substantiating the termination of the position held by the applicant.

Therefore, the court found that the defendant company did not seek at any time to make savings on the salary budget, but to remove the plaintiff from the company, the dismissal measure being obviously directed against the person, without any connection with the position held by him.

In order for the occupied position to be effectively abolished, it is necessary to remove it from the employer's structure, so that it is no longer found in the organizational chart or in the company's list of positions.

In this sense, in a case decision, the court found that by reorganizing the activity, only one position was abolished, respectively that of the appellant, other compartments and positions being set up.

The defendant company did not prove that the termination of the position was an effective measure, as the position held by the appellant, that of deputy director, was removed from the company's structure only temporarily, respectively for a period of about 9 months, being later in its organizational chart.

Lack of seriousness of dismissal

The courts found that there was no serious dismissal, if this measure was not based on any analysis aimed at improving the activity, cost efficiency, etc., but a simple proposal of the head of marketing, who said that the abolition of the post is necessary. occupied by the appellant, on the grounds that there was a significant decrease in the level of demand on the energy works market.

The court held that there was no decision of the company's management which showed that this proposal had been analyzed, that a plan for reorganizing the company's activity had been approved, that the measure to abolish the position held by the appellant would have been considered appropriate by the company's management. or that it would be able to lead to the achievement of the objective pursued by the head of the service and the issuance of the dismissal decision, there is no intermediate act, which outlines the lack of seriousness of the reorganization.

In another case, the courts noted the non-existence of the serious nature of the dismissal, related to the fact that, prior to the decision to abolish the position of deputy director, the appellant was asked to hand over all assets under management and vacate the office where he worked.

Considering that the decision regarding the reorganization of the activity was taken after, previously, the appellant was asked by the company's management to hand over the goods and release the office, it takes, in reality, the form of a measure targeting the employee.

Lack of a real and serious cause

In order to constitute a real and serious cause in the sense of art. 65 of Law no. 53/2003 - Labor Code, the circumstance invoked by the employer as the real cause of the elimination of the job, must necessarily impose the abolition of some jobs.

The cause is real when it presents an objective character imposed by economic difficulties, independent of the good or bad faith of the employer and is serious when it is imposed from the obvious necessity regarding the improvement of the activity and does not conceal re

Domestic violence - notion and regulation at international and national level.

 

Violence against women

Violence against women is understood as a violation of human rights and a form of discrimination against women and consists of acts of gender-based violence that cause or may cause harm, physical, sexual, psychological or economic harm to women, including threats with such threats. acts, coercion or arbitrary deprivation of liberty, regardless of whether the acts occur in public or private life (Article 3 of the Council of Europe Convention on Preventing and Combating Violence against Women and Domestic Violence in Istanbul).

Violence against women has its roots in the unequal power relations between women and men and in the social and cultural structures that lead to the subordination status of women in both the private and public spheres. Prejudices, customs, traditions or other practices based on the erroneous notion that women are inferior or on gender role stereotypes, serve to perpetuate violence against women, as the main reason behind violence is the sex of the victim.

European case law has also emphasized that any measures taken to prevent and combat violence against women must promote equality between women and men and that only substantial equality will prevent such violence in the future.

The various manifestations of violence against women regulated by the Istanbul Convention (Romania signed the Istanbul Convention in June 2014 and ratified it in 2016, the Convention entering into force in September 2016) are: psychological violence, taxation, physical violence, sexual violence, forced marriage, female genital mutilation, forced abortion and sexual harassment.

 

Domestic violence

Domestic violence refers to all acts of physical, sexual, psychological or economic violence that disproportionately affect women, but not only women. The term covers intimate partner violence between current or former spouses or partners, as well as inter-generational violence, for example between parents and their children. Domestic violence is one of the most serious and pervasive forms of violence.

Although the term "domestic" may seem to limit its application to acts that take place in a household, it is recognized that violence often occurs between intimate partners, couples who meet and do not necessarily live together. Therefore, a common residence is not necessary for domestic violence to occur.

The jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights has played an important role in shaping and strengthening the international framework on violence against women. The case law of the Court illustrates various ways in which the member states of the Council of Europe have failed to prevent, investigate / investigate and carefully sanction acts of violence affecting women and domestic violence.

In view of the articles of the European Convention on Human Rights, the obligations of the State in relation to violence against women stem from rights such as:

 

1. the right to life (Article 2);

2. prohibition of torture (Article 3);

3. the right to respect for private and family life (art. 8);

4. prohibition of discrimination (Article 14).

 

Impact cases in the case law of the European Court of Human Rights

 

In the 2009 Opuz v. Turkey case, the Court held that domestic violence is a form of gender-based violence and constitutes a form of discrimination, with Turkey failing to establish and implement a system for punishing domestic violence and protecting victims.

In the present case, the applicant claimed that the Turkish authorities had failed to protect the right to life of her mother, who had been killed by the applicant's husband.

With one exception, no criminal proceedings were instituted against the husband on the grounds that both women withdrew their complaints, despite the explanations they later gave, namely that the husband had harassed them in this regard, threatening them. them with their killing.

The Court found a violation of Article 2 of the ECHR Convention (right to life) regarding the applicant's mother, Article 3 of the Convention (prohibition of inhuman or degrading treatment), but also a violation of Article 14 of the Convention (prohibition of discrimination) , in conjunction with Articles 2 and 3.

For the first time in a case of domestic violence, the Court has ruled that gender-based violence is a form of discrimination because it mainly affects women and women have not been protected by law on an equal footing with men.

Since the national authorities abandoned the proceedings in order to avoid intervening in what they considered to be a 'family matter', without taking into account the reasons behind the withdrawal of the complainant's complaint

Protecting children from the perspective of human rights, criminal law and the GDPR in the digital environment

I. Legal framework and basic principles

At international and European level, there are a number of instruments that set out guidelines for the protection of children, especially in the online environment, including: Directive 2011/93 / EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 December 2011 on combating abuse sexual harassment of children, sexual exploitation of children and child pornography and replacing Council Framework Decision 2004/68 / JHA; Articles 6 and 13 of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child; Lanzarote Convention; Istanbul Convention; Human rights guide for internet users; Council of Europe strategy on internet governance; Convention on Cybercrime; Recommendation CM / Rec (2018) 7 of the Committee of Ministers of the Member States on Guidelines for the observance, protection and realization of children's rights in the digital environment; Strategy for the Rights of the Child (2016-2021).

The digital environment is extremely complex and rapidly evolving and changing children's lives in many ways, leading to many opportunities (such as education, socialization, expression, play and inclusion), but also significant risks to their well-being and improved rights. human rights (risks of violence, exploitation and abuse and risks to safety and confidentiality).

Every child, as the holder of individual rights, should be able to exercise his or her human rights and fundamental freedoms both online and offline. The rights included in the European Convention on Human Rights apply to all people, including children, and apply in the digital environment.

Children's rights in the digital environment have been identified as one of the five priority areas for guaranteeing children's rights in the Council of Europe's Strategy on the Rights of the Child (2016-2021). On 4 July 2018, the Committee of Ministers adopted a recommendation on guidelines for the observance, protection and fulfillment of children's rights in the digital environment [2018 (7)].

There are several principles to consider in the digital environment:

1. the best interests of the child - in all actions concerning children in the digital environment, the best interests of the child are the first thing to be taken into account. This will often require balancing and, where possible, reconciling the child's right to protection with other rights, in particular the right to freedom of expression and information (for example, internet filters may prevent children from being exposed to harmful content, but may, also interfere with the child's right to receive information);

2. children's cognitive ability - stakeholders (state, institutions and authorities, parents, civil society, etc.) should recognize the ever-evolving abilities of children and ensure that policies and practices are adopted to address those needs in relationship with the digital environment;

3. All rights in the digital environment must be granted without discrimination - targeted measures may be needed for children in vulnerable situations, as the digital environment has the potential to increase the vulnerability of these already exposed categories;

4. the right of every child to express his or her opinion and to be heard - children should have the right to express themselves freely, including through information and communication technologies, and their opinions should be given due weight in accordance with with their age and maturity;

5. States have a primary obligation to respect, protect and fulfill the rights of every child in their jurisdiction and must engage all relevant stakeholders in this process (parents, legal guardians, public institutions, education and child protection and care systems, etc.). ).

II. Restrictions on the child's right to freedom of expression in the digital environment

 

Digital restrictions can come in many forms, but the main categories are:

a. Internet filtering or blocking mechanisms (in schools, libraries, etc.);

b. removal of content (images, videos or text) posted by a child on an online service platform;

c. policies or standards regarding hate speech or intellectual property infringements on platforms.

 

Restrictions must respect international and European human rights conventions and standards and take into account the evolving capacities of children. Two essential cumulative conditions must be met: children must be aware of the restrictions and must also have a remedy available to address the restrictions that they consider to be illegitimate (

The chronic problem of the Romanian business environment - the negative net asset. New measures and their fiscal implications

After the official launch of the National Investment and Economic Recovery Plan, the Romanian Government comes with concrete measures for its implementation. These include the approval of the emergency ordinance which intends to grant bonuses to companies that increase and / or improve their equity. The measure is welcome and can be a starting point in encouraging companies to align with normalcy and comply with applicable legal regulations. In addition, the draft also provides for a significant change in the annual income tax return and payment deadline.

A poorly capitalized company does not have the financial strength to grow on its own, much less in crisis situations, and at the same time does not have access to external financing, given that financial stability is a key criterion for financial institutions. , and not only, in granting loans. Given that, in Romania, according to official data, approximately 280,000 companies (around 40% of the total) have negative equity, SME Invest financing programs cannot prove their effectiveness because, beyond the fact that the loan it is guaranteed by the state for the most part, and the interest is subsidized, the financial situation of a debtor with debts higher than his own funds is precarious and cannot guarantee the repayment of the loan. Moreover, a company with limited access to financing usually resorts excessively to supplier credit (delays the payment of invoices to suppliers), a practice that can lead to chain blockages and even insolvencies or bankruptcies.

Positive equity, a basic condition for accessing tax credits

According to the draft ordinance, companies that will maintain their own positive capital and at a level of at least half of the share capital will benefit from a reduction of profit or income tax, in the case of micro-enterprises, or of specific tax, in the case of companies from the hospitality industry, of 2% annually. In addition, companies will be able to benefit from a bonus of between 5% and 10% of the profit tax due, for the annual increase of equity, depending on the evolution compared to the previous year (from 5% to over 25%). For a period of three consecutive years, starting with 2022, the project also provides for a 3% reduction in tax depending on the minimum percentage increase of equity compared to the level reported by the annual financial statements for 2020.

It is important to note that the total tax reduction that a company can benefit from is determined by cumulating the said percentages, as the necessary criteria are met. The application period of the measure is 2021-2025.

Compared to the expectations created by the introduction of the measure in the National Investment Plan, there is a welcome diversification of the applicable bonuses, the tax reduction being directly proportional to the share of capital increase registered by the company.

In addition, the draft ordinance proposes a specific way of calculating equity, different from the accounting definition. It is noteworthy that the revaluation reserves related to fixed assets (mainly real estate) are not included in the calculation of adjusted equity used in the application of tax credits.

This "reward" is, in fact, a tool to stimulate the improvement of liquidity at the level of companies, which, implicitly, should also lead to a healthier financial structure for the business environment. Similar measures are in force in other EU countries, known as the 'notional interest deduction', and allow companies applying the corporate tax regime to deduct a nationally valid interest calculated on the basis of the increase in equity.

Expected changes in the tax return and payment deadline

A notable change contained in the draft normative act, derived from the need to determine the annual equity, is the one regarding the deadlines for submitting the declarations and paying the taxes concerned, during the application of these facilities. Thus, the established deadlines (in most cases, January 25 and March 25, respectively) will be extended until June 25, which is, in most cases, after the closing date of the balance sheet and, therefore, with all the more appropriate.

In conclusion, granting tax reductions to increase equity is a measure that could have beneficial effects on companies, individually, but also on the economic environment in general, because a solid company from the point of view of